What is the definition of binding energy?

Binding energy refers to the energy required to separate nuclear particles, such as protons and neutrons, within an atomic nucleus. When these particles come together to form a nucleus, they release energy due to the strong nuclear force that binds them closely together. The binding energy is a measure of the stability of the nucleus; higher binding energy indicates a more stable nucleus because more energy would be needed to break it apart.

This concept is fundamental in understanding nuclear physics and helps explain why certain isotopes are stable while others are not. It’s also relevant when discussing nuclear reactions, as changes in binding energy can have significant implications for the energy released or absorbed during these reactions, such as in fission or fusion processes.

The other options address different concepts related to energy but do not define binding energy accurately. The energy holding electrons in orbit pertains to electromagnetic forces, while total energy within a nucleus and energy needed to create new isotopes focus on different aspects of nuclear energy and reactions, respectively.